Los ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws incisions thiab khawb mus rau quill cwj mem ntawm nruab nrab hnub nyoog, ua li cas peb tuaj tau ntau yam cuab yeej los tsim kev sau ntawv peb paub niaj hnub no?
Incising thiab khawb
Cov ntaub ntawv ntxov tshaj plaws siv los sau rau yog av nplaum. Nws xav tau kev npaj me me ua ntej siv, yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm thiab tau yooj yim muaj nyob hauv Mesopotamia qhov twg thawj zaug sau tau tsim.
Cov av nplaum ntub dej tuaj yeem tsim rau hauv ib lub ntsiav tshuaj ntawm tes thiab kos rau hauv nrog lub stylus. Cov ntsiav tshuaj tuaj yeem rov ua haujlwm dua thiab rov siv dua lossis ci kom lawv mus tas li. Thawj lub stylus yog tej zaum ib tug txiav reed uas tau nias rau hauv cov av nplaum ntub dej. Qhov no ua rau cov kab zoo li cov kab uas tuaj yeem hu ua cuneiform.
Nyob rau hauv ancient Tuam Tshoj, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm divination rituals pom carved rau saum npoo ntawm cov pob txha tsiaj. Thaum feem coob ntawm cov ntawv sau no yog incised, muaj qee tus lej uas zoo li tau sau nrog txhuam thiab tus cwj mem. Puas yog qhov no tsuas yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev ciaj sia - cov khoom siv hnyav tshaj plaws uas muaj sia nyob ntev tshaj plaws? Tej zaum nws yuav yog tias kev sau ntawv nrog tus cwj mem ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas ploj mus ntau dua li cov pob txha yuav rov qab mus ntxiv hauv keeb kwm Suav ntau dua li peb muaj pov thawj rau.
Suav oracle pob txha
Oracle cov pob txha tau siv rau divination tshaj 3,000 xyoo dhau los nyob rau hauv Suav teb thaum ub.
Kev sau ntawv tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov ntsiav tshuaj siv quav ciab. Nkag mus rau Greek thiab Roman kab lis kev cai ntawm Egypt, cov ntsiav tshuaj siv quav ciab tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau ntau tshaj plaws thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam. Cov ntsiav tshuaj tau tsim los ntawm cov ntoo (los yog cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li ivory) thiab muab los ua ib qho chaw so uas tau ntim nrog beeswax.
Cov ntsiav tshuaj yog cov phau ntawv sau tseg ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub thiab medieval, ua haujlwm rau kev sau ntawv, sau ntawv, sau nyiaj, cov npe thiab tseem yog phau ntawv qhia kev kawm sau ntawv.
2,000- phau ntawv ua homework xyoo
Phau ntawv ua homework no qhia ib tug me nyuam hauv Iyiv kev siv zog kawm Greek.
Ink, cwjmem thiab txhuam hniav
Thawj cov pov thawj ntawm kev sau ntawv nrog tus cwj mem los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws, yuav luag thaum ntxov li incised hieroglyphs (3200 BC). Qhov tseem ceeb muaj ob hom ink uas tau siv txij thaum ntawd los:
Ib tug staining inks uas nkag mus rau qhov chaw sau ntawv thiab dyes nws, piv txwv li hlau gall inks, indigo, walnut inks, inks raws li aniline dyes, ntau niaj hnub fountain cwj mem inks thiab inks nyob rau hauv fiber-tip cwjmem.
Ink ua los ntawm cov xim (xws li cov xim xim ntawm cov khoom) uas tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw sau ntawv, tsis muaj staining. Cov xim uas muaj xim no yuav rub tawm thaum qhuav tshwj tsis yog tias lawv sib xyaw nrog tus neeg sawv cev (xws li cov pos hniav Arabic lossis qe) uas kho lawv hauv qhov chaw.
Thoob plaws Asia, hauv Is Nrias teb, Tuam Tshoj thiab Nyij Pooj, tus number case feem ntau yog raws li cov pa roj carbon (soot) tov nrog me ntsis cov pos hniav los yog gelatine. Cov khoom yog tau los ntawm hlawv roj los yog resinous pinewood. Khoom ncuav mog qab zib ntawm tus number case yog reconstituted los ntawm cov av nrog dej rau ntawm ib tug du pob zeb.
Inks kuj tuaj yeem tau nyob ze thiab tus kheej thaum cov lus thiab kab lus raug tattooed rau hauv daim tawv nqaij. Kev tshawb fawb Ink rau cov cwj mem niaj hnub tseem tab tom mus, nrog cov xim thiab kev ntxhib los mos-raws li cwj mem (xav txog cov gels thiab glitter) yog qee yam niaj hnub no. cwj mem thiab number case yees, deb ntawm kev poob qis, tau snowballed nyob rau hauv ob peb lub xyoo dhau los.
Burmese tattooing siv
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, nws tau pom raws li ib tug rite ntawm passage rau cov tub ntxhais hluas Burmese mus rau lub siab tus txheej txheem ntawm kev mob ntawm tattooed nrog ntse, hnyav hnyav li no.
Kev tsim cwj mem muaj keeb kwm ntev. Reeds tau tsim rau hauv cwj mem rau ntau txhiab xyoo hauv Middle East, Indian subcontinent thiab Europe. Qhov kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws yog cov reed,Pragmites australislos ntawm Iraq.
Rau Arabic, Persian, Ottoman thiab Urdu calligraphy, lub reed yog txiav nrog ib tug muaj zog, ntse riam thiab lub nib yog trimmed sab laug oblique: lub meej kaum sib txawv raws li tsab ntawv koj xav sau (ib txwm Hebrew scripts kuj siv ib tug zoo xws li cov txheej txheem) . Rau cov tsiaj ntawv Roman thiab Greek uas, sib piv rau Arabic thiab Hebrew, yog sau los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, lub reed nib yog txiav nyob rau hauv opposite kev taw qhia: txoj cai oblique.
Nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe los ntawm thaum ntxov nruab nrab hnub nyoog onwards, lub quill cwj mem tau siv dav dua li reed; nws yog nyob rau tib lub sij hawm uas daim ntawv scroll ntawm phau ntawv muab txoj kev mus rau lub codex. Nrog parchment los yog vellum ua ntau tshaj li papyrus, lub quill muaj ib tug natural synergy nrog no sau nto: ob qho tib si quill thiab parchment yog tsim los ntawm tib yam khoom ntuj, collagen.
Hlau cwjmem kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe txij thaum Roman lub sij hawm tab sis siab ntim tsim yuav tsum tau tos kom txog thaum lub Industrial Revolution. James Perry ntawm Manchester pib tsim cov hlau nibs nyob rau hauv 1819. Los ntawm 1835 Perry lub tuam txhab tau stamping tawm ze li ntawm 5,250,000 nibs ib xyoos.
Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj tus txhuam tuav sway: lawv yog, thiab tseem yog, ua los ntawm ntau yam tsiaj plaub hau (nees, tshis, weasel), txhua tus muaj zog sib txawv. Nees yog springy thiab tsis absorbent heev; weasel yog qhov opposite. Tab sis cov txhuam hniav tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm ntau hom fibers, los ntawm hammered-tawm xyoob lossis txawm nqaij qaib. Lawv txhawb kom muaj kev sib txawv heev rau qhov chaw sau ntawv dua li tus cwj mem hlau. rhiab heev kov thiab meej txav los ua qhov tseem ceeb.
Suav calligraphy manual
Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm kev sau ntawv suav suav suav yog qhov txhuam tau tuav ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm nplooj ntawv, thiab tag nrho caj npab txav raws li ib qho sau.
Kev luam ntawv
Kev luam ntawv, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev xa cov duab ncaj qha los ntawm ib qho chaw mus rau lwm qhov, yog ib qho kev kos duab qub thiab pib nrog kev foob. Cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv Mesopotamia, Egypt thaum ub, Roman Empire thiab Tuam Tshoj thaum ub.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th thiab tej zaum ua ntej, cov Suav tau pom ib txoj kev ntawm kev txiav cov ntawv calligraphic rau hauv cov ntoo blocks uas tuaj yeem siv los ua cov ntawv luam (xylography). Tus neeg sau ntawv sau cov ntawv sau rau ntawm daim ntawv uas tau muab khi rau ntawm qhov thaiv ntoo; tus ntoo engraver ces txiav tawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab cov duab kos sawv zoo siab. Lub block yog inked thiab luam tawm los ntawm nws los ntawm rub tawm ib daim ntawv nyias rau saum npoo.
Cov ntawv luam tawm ntxov tshaj plaws tau pom nyob rau xyoo 1960 thaum lub sijhawm khawb ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Pulguk-sa Tuam Tsev hauv Kaus Lim Kauslim thiab ntseeg tau txog hnub tim 704-751 CE. Cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm luam tawm yog Pob Zeb Diamond Sutra, pom ntawm Dunhuang hauv Suav teb, uas muaj hnub tim 11 Tsib Hlis 868 CE.
Luam theej duab ntawm Pob Zeb Diamond Sutra
Daim ntawv no ntawm lubPob zeb diamond Sutrayog lub ntiaj teb thawj zaug ua tiav thiab sau hnub, cov ntawv luam tawm.
Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, luam ntawv siv ib qho system ntawm movable molded cim tau tsim nyob rau hauv Suav teb. Nyob rau lub sijhawm Yuan (1279-1368) hom ntoo tau raug siv, thiab tej zaum thaum ntxov li 13th caug xyoo luam tawm los ntawm hom hlau txav tau tshwm sim hauv Kaus Lim Kauslim.
Hauv Tebchaws Europe, Johannes Gutenberg, tus kws ua haujlwm kub ntawm Mainz, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, yog thawj zaug luam tawm nrog hom txav tau. Zoo li tsis muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm nws qhov kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim kho hauv East Asia. Thaum Gutenberg Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum ntawm 1455 yog nws cov txuj ci, nws tau pib nrog cov haujlwm me me txij li thaum ntxov li 1452.
Gutenberg Bible
Johann Gutenberg phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum yog tej zaum phau Vajlugkub muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. Nws yog qhov ntxov tshaj plaws ua haujlwm puv npo luam tawm hauv Tebchaws Europe siv hom txav tau.
Los ntawm 1480 muaj xovxwm thoob plaws teb chaws Europe. Lub tshuab luam ntawv tuaj rau tebchaws Aas Kiv xyoo 1476 thaum William Caxton (1422–1491) luam tawm Geoffrey Chaucer's (c.1342–1400)Lub Canterbury Tales.
